自然指数的“误读”与其中的“二八”现象
【导读】
依据自然指数的统计体系,从世界范围看,地球与环境科学前20%的高校做出了80%的贡献,化学前18%的高校做出了82%的贡献,生命科学前14%的高校做出了86%的贡献,物理学前16%的高校做出了84%的贡献。内地有10所高校同时进入世界排名地球与环境科学前20%,化学前18%,生命科学前14%,物理学前16%,分别为:清华大学、北京大学、浙江大学、南京大学、北京师范大学、华东师范大学、武汉大学、中国科学技术大学、中国科学院大学、中山大学。
【正文】
“误读”指的是解读和运用产生误解与偏差。“二八”现象指的是社会学与管理学领域所用的“二八定律”,意指顶端的20%做出了80%的贡献。两个本毫不相关的事项,在文中被一并提出,并无特殊意义,只是想通过对“误读”的纠正,再为其中的“二八”现象做一个数据源选择的立论。 一、自然指数的“误读”
自然指数(Nature Index)是自然出版集团推出的数据库,以专家咨询的方法遴选了全球68种一流期刊,分别从地球与环境科学、化学、生命科学、物理学四个学科领域统计国家、学习机构等各个群体的年度发文表现,统计其发文数量(AC)、分数式发文数(FC,根据作者人数和作者署名的单位个数对论文数量进行贡献的平均拆分)、加权分数式计量(WFC,鉴于个别期刊的论文数量较大,对在其中发表的论文计数赋予了0.2的权重,以减小其对总体结果的影响)。
最新一期自然指数已经在其官网进行发布(统计时间为2015.12.1至2016.11.30),国内很多媒体进行了转载,根据四个学科领域总体WFC值的大小对国内高校进行了排序。然而这样的单一排序方式,会给读者造成一定的“误读”。主要原因在于,首先自然指数仅仅是对四个学科领域在某些高端期刊中发文数量表现的统计,然而,很多高校所涵盖的学科领域远远超出这个范围,以其作为高校的排名依据显然难以全面体现高校的学科特性,过以片面与局限。
当然自然指数的发布与存在必有其存在的道理,但作为读者而言,需要了解其内涵,对其进行准确的运用。笔者认为在参考自然指数的数据结果时,应该分学科的看待各学习机构在自然指数中的表现,切莫将以各学科的总计数作为衡量高校优劣的依据。 二、自然指数中的“二八”现象
以CHINA为关键字,在自然指数的官网中查询可得,如以WFC为排序依据,除生命科学领域排名在全球第4外,其它三个学科领域均在全球排名第2,仅低于美国。
进而,以CHINA为关键字,统计了高校在四个学科领域中表现情况,发现WFC表现基本符合“二八定律”。 (一)地球与环境科学
共有102所高校有论文贡献,论文总数759篇,WFC总值为195.8,前19%的高校贡献了82%的WFC。前19%的高校共20所,情况如下: 排序 Institution AC FC WFC
1
Nanjing University (NJU)
56
20.02
20.02
2
Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST)
43
15.37
15.37
3
China University of Geosciences (CUG)
37
15.18
15.18
4
Peking University (PKU)
64
14.38
14.38
5
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
34
13.48
13.48
6
Beijing Normal University (BNU)
38
11.36
11.36
7
Ocean University of China (OUC)
44
9.9
9.9
8
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)
59
9.56
9.56
9
Lanzhou University (LZU)
14
6.71
6.71
10
Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)
26
6.35
6.35
11
Tsinghua University (TH)
32
5.34
5.34
12
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)
9
5.31
5.31
13
Zhejiang University (ZJU)
14
4.3
4.3
14
Xiamen University (XMU)
14
4
4
15
Wuhan University (WHU)
11
3.91
3.91
16
The University of Hong Kong (HKU)
12
3.48
3.48
17
China University of Petroleum (CUP)
7
3.26
3.26
18
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU)
7
3.22
3.22
19
East China Normal University (ECNU)
10
3.1
3.1
20
PLA University of Science and Technology (PLA UST)
9
2.75
2.75
(二)化学
共有377所高校有论文贡献,论文总数7036篇,WFC总值为3269.77,前16%的高校贡献了84%的WFC。前16%的高校共62所,情况如下: 排序 Institution AC FC WFC
1
Peking University (PKU)
491
172.84
172.84
2
Nanjing University (NJU)
244
154.06
154.06
3
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
264
140.37
140.37
4
Tsinghua University (TH)
275
134.98
134.98
5
Nankai University (NKU)
254
104.31
104.31
6
Zhejiang University (ZJU)
159
101.95
101.95
7
Xiamen University (XMU)
149
90.49
90.49
8
East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
133
78.96
78.96
9
Soochow University
128
77.11
77.11
10
Fudan University
144
75.32
75.32
11
Lanzhou University (LZU)
110
73.5
73.5
12
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)
381
70.61
70.61
13
Wuhan University (WHU)
113
70.08
70.08
14
Hunan University (HNU)
106
68.15
68.15
15
Sichuan University (SCU)
103
68.14
68.14
16
Jilin University (JLU)
123
64.1
64.1
17
Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)
105
58.59
58.59
18
East China Normal University (ECNU)
89
52.74
52.74
19
South China University of Technology (SCUT)
88
49.61
49.61
20
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)
107
47.09
47.09
21
Shandong University (SDU)
79
44.78
44.78
22
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
84
40.34
40.34
23
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)
108
39.89
39.89
24
Tianjin University (TJU)
174
39.6
39.6
25
Southwest University (SWU)
41
36.16
36.16
26
Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT)
70
35.81
35.81
27
Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
79
34.28
34.28
28
Southeast University (SEU)
54
33.56
33.56
29
Central China Normal University (CCNU)
41
33.54
33.54
30
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)
92
32.69
32.69
31
Shandong Normal University (SDNU)
38
31.92
31.92
32
Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT)
59
29.95
29.95
33
The University of Hong Kong (HKU)
86
29.25
29.25
34
Dalian University of Technology (DUT)
66
28.74
28.74
35
Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU)
62
27.15
27.15
36
Northeast Normal University (NENU)
38
25.19
25.19
37
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT)
41
24.54
24.54
38
City University of Hong Kong (CityU)
72
24.13
24.13
39
Fuzhou University (FZU)
34
24.12
24.12
40
Beijing Normal University (BNU)
52
23.91
23.91
41
Beihang University (BUAA)
55
22.35
22.35
42
Northwest University (NWU)
32
21.88
21.88
43
Chongqing University (CQU)
39
19.51
19.51
44
Zhengzhou University (ZZU)
32
19.23
19.23
45
China Pharmaceutical University (CPU)
24
19.14
19.14
46
South University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTech)
40
18.09
18.09
47
Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU)
26
17.37
17.37
48
Jiangsu Normal University (JSNU)
24
17.31
17.31
49
Shanghai University (SHU)
50
16.39
16.39
50
University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB)
32
16.2
16.2
51
Henan Normal University (HTU)
21
15.18
15.18
52
Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU)
61
15.06
15.06
53
Nanjing Normal University (NNU)
33
14.8
14.8
54
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU)
36
14.32
14.32
55
Wuhan University of Technology (WUT)
31
13.85
13.85
56
Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NUST)
27
13.83
13.83
57
University of Jinan (UJN)
18
13.32
13.32
58
Changzhou University (CZU)
20
13.13
13.13
59
Central South University (CSU)
28
12.31
12.31
60
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College (CAMS PUMC)
29
12.28
12.28
61
Jiangxi Normal University (JXNU)
22
11.96
11.96
62
China Agricultural University (CAU)
20
11.43
11.43
(三)生命科学
共有211所高校有论文贡献,论文总数2240篇,WFC总值为527.28,前18%的高校贡献了82%的WFC。前18%的高校共39所,情况如下: 排序 Institution AC FC WFC
1
Peking University (PKU)
137
54.35
54.35
2
Tsinghua University (TH)
110
42.07
42.07
3
Zhejiang University (ZJU)
95
28.84
28.84
4
Fudan University
101
23.56
23.56
5
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)
88
22.74
22.74
6
Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)
77
21.01
21.01
7
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)
128
19.16
19.16
8
The University of Hong Kong (HKU)
53
13.24
13.24
9
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College (CAMS PUMC)
56
11.55
11.55
10
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
44
10.68
10.68
11
Nanjing University (NJU)
35
10.47
10.47
12
Sichuan University (SCU)
55
10.46
10.46
13
Wuhan University (WHU)
25
10.23
10.23
14
Third Military Medical University (TMMU)
39
9.54
9.54
15
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)
40
9.54
9.54
16
Tongji University
40
9
9
17
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)
24
8.9
8.9
18
Shandong University (SDU)
35
8.3
8.3
19
Second Military Medical University (SMMU)
25
7.81
7.81
20
Beijing Normal University (BNU)
20
7.81
7.81
21
Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU)
23
7.55
7.55
22
East China Normal University (ECNU)
29
7.45
7.45
23
Soochow University
29
7.16
7.16
24
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
41
6.26
6.26
25
China Agricultural University (CAU)
27
6.23
6.23
26
Tianjin Medical University (TMC)
23
6.06
6.06
27
Nanjing Medical University (NJMU)
25
5.43
5.43
28
Nankai University (NKU)
18
5.25
5.25
29
Southern Medical University (SMU)
17
4.89
4.89
30
Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU)
14
4.88
4.88
31
Xiamen University (XMU)
18
4.2
4.2
32
Central South University (CSU)
27
4.08
4.08
33
Lanzhou University (LZU)
11
3.96
3.96
34
East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
32
3.83
3.83
35
ShanghaiTech University
31
3.73
3.73
36
Guangzhou Medical University (GMU)
21
3.71
3.71
37
Jilin University (JLU)
17
3.56
3.56
38
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT)
7
3.43
3.43
39
Wenzhou Medical University (WMU)
14
3.3
3.3
(四)物理科学
共有298所高校有论文贡献,论文总数5913篇,WFC总值为1432.26,前16%的高校贡献了84%的WFC。前16%的高校共50所,情况如下: 排序 Institution AC FC WFC
1
Peking University (PKU)
592
138.38
107.39
2
Tsinghua University (TH)
520
113.43
106.28
3
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
413
121.38
101.34
4
Nanjing University (NJU)
409
139.98
99.41
5
Fudan University
136
52.55
51.43
6
Zhejiang University (ZJU)
151
49.23
49.23
7
Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU)
96
37.7
37.65
8
Soochow University
71
35.59
35.59
9
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)
135
32.89
32.89
10
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)
245
38.75
31.1
11
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)
264
43.86
28.57
12
Beihang University (BUAA)
109
29.27
28.1
13
Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT)
61
27.77
26.77
14
Nankai University (NKU)
67
26.07
26.07
15
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
85
28.71
24.73
16
The University of Hong Kong (HKU)
151
26.52
20.38
17
Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT)
42
20.41
20.36
18
Shandong University (SDU)
157
32.39
20
19
Wuhan University (WHU)
51
18.17
18.17
20
Southeast University (SEU)
42
18.08
18.08
21
Xiamen University (XMU)
57
24.59
17.75
22
Lanzhou University (LZU)
45
17.9
17.3
23
Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)
88
21.1
17.04
24
Tianjin University (TJU)
44
15.46
15.46
25
Beijing Normal University (BNU)
90
26.14
15.05
26
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU)
36
14.16
14.16
27
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
44
13.74
13.74
28
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)
100
14.38
12.51
29
Jilin University (JLU)
49
13.82
12.02
30
University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB)
31
11.88
11.88
31
South China University of Technology (SCUT)
24
11.16
11.16
32
Shanghai University (SHU)
28
10.93
10.93
33
Central China Normal University (CCNU)
80
11.4
9.78
34
Shanxi University (SXU)
34
9.98
9.71
35
Chongqing University (CQU)
39
12.26
9.29
36
Shenzhen University (SZU)
30
8.97
8.97
37
North China Electric Power University (NCEPU)
15
8.94
8.94
38
Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
27
8.57
8.57
39
Renmin University of China (RUC)
27
8.65
8.52
40
East China Normal University (ECNU)
29
8.18
8.18
41
Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NUST)
26
8.1
8.1
42
Sichuan University (SCU)
28
8.18
7.99
43
Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)
15
7.97
7.97
44
City University of Hong Kong (CityU)
26
7.94
7.94
45
Hunan University (HNU)
20
7.93
7.93
46
East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
15
7.08
7.08
47
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT)
25
6.88
6.88
48
Beijing University of Technology (BJUT)
18
6.8
6.8
49
Wuhan University of Technology (WUT)
23
6.74
6.4
50
South China Normal University (SCNU)
12
6.37
6.37